Apple Pie Spice (1 tsp.) = 1 tsp. cinnamon, 1/4 tsp. nutmeg and 1/8 tsp. cardamom

Arrowroot Starch (1 tsp.) = 1 tbsp. flour, 1 tsp. cornstarch

Baking Powder (1 tsp.) = 1/2 tsp. baking soda, 1/2 tsp. cream of tarter

Balsamic vinegar (1 tbls.) = 1 tbls. cider vinegar

Bread crumbs (1 cup) = 1 cup cracker crumbs

Brown sugar (1 cup) = 1 cup sugar + 2 tbls. dark corn syrup

Butter (1 cup) = 7/8 cup of oil + 1/2 tsp salt

Buttermilk (1 cup) = milk + 1 tbls. vinegar to equal 1 cup

Chocolate, unsweetened (1 oz.) 3 tbls. cocoa powder + 1 tbsp. butter

Cocktail sauce (1 cup) = 1 cup ketchup + 2 tbls. horseradish

Confectioners sugar (1 1/3 cups) = 1 cup granulated sugar

Cornstarch (1 tbls.) = 2 tbls. flour

Corn Syrup (1 cup) = 1 cup sugar + 1/4 cup water

Garlic Powder (1/8 tsp.) = 1 garlic clove

Honey (1 cup) = 1 1'/4 cups sugar + 1/4 cup water

Lemon juice (1 tsp) = 1/2 tsp. vinegar

Mace (1 tsp.) = 1 tsp. nutmeg

Milk (1 cup) = 1/2 cup evaporated milk + 1/2 cup water

Molasses (1 cup) = 1 cup of dark corn syrup or honey

Mustard, dry (1 tsp) = 1 tbls. prepared mustard

Pepper sauce(1 tsp.) = 3/4 tsp. cayenne pepper + 1/4 tsp. vinegar

Sour cream (1 cup) = 1 cup plain yogurt

Tarter sauce (1/2 cup) = 1/2 cup mayonnaise + 2 tbls. pickle relish or chopped sweet pickles

Vinegar (1 tbls.) = 1 tbls. lemon or lime juice